About the Project

Europe’s Gas Gamble is an ongoing project.

To get in touch or receive an update when future chapters are published, you can contact the author by e-mail.

All costs of reporting and publishing for Parts I.–IV. were personally funded by the author. If you would like to make a contribution to the project, you can do so here.

Contribute

*Please note that reporting contribution amount is in euros, but that contributions can be made from any currency. The exchange rate is included in the donation and not additional.

Author

Edward Donnelly was born and raised in Pennsylvania, United States and lives in Europe.

For other projects, see:

Sources

All photographs, video and text were created by the author from February 2022-present.

Graphics, editing and technical assistance were provided by Lena Ilse.

Shipping routes were obtained using data from MarineTraffic.

Any duplication or republication of any of the contents of this project is prohibited without the express written consent of the author.

References used in the creation of the text can be found below.

Part I.

Yahoo finance. Dutch TTF Natural Gas Calendar (TTF=F).
Fariza, I. (2021, November 2). España aumentará las importaciones por metaneros para cubrir el cierre del gasoducto que atraviesa Marruecos. El País.
Rashad, M. (2021, December 22). LNG cargoes diverted toward Europe from Asia as gas prices soar. Reuters.
Buli, N. & Jacobsen, S. (2021, December 22). Analysis: Weak winds worsened Europe's power crunch; utilities need better storage. Reuters.
Euronews with Reuters. (2022, January 5). Europe’s gas crisis prompt Polish coal miners to protest over pay. Euronews.
Tygodnik Solidarność. (2022, January 4). Rozpoczęły się blokady dostaw węgla dla energetyki. Tygodnik Solidarność.
Auyezov, O. (2022, January 7). Russia sends troops to put down Kazakhstan uprising as fresh violence erupts. Reuters.
Sánchez, Á. (2022, January 14). La inflación se disparó hasta el 6,5% en diciembre, el mayor nivel desde 1992. El País.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). Variacion del Indice General Nacional segun el sistema IPC base 2021 desde Julio de 2007 hasta Julio de 2008.
Eurostat. (2022, January 20). December: Annual inflation up to 5.0% in the euro area, Up to 5.3% in the EU.
Eurostat. (2022, March 2). Flash estimate - February 2022: Euro area inflation up to 5.8%.
Alves, B. (2022, March 10). Average monthly electricity wholesale prices in selected countries in the European Union (EU) from January 2020 to February 2022. Statista.
Eurostat. (2021, October). EU imports of energy products - recent developments.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2022, February 11). Europe relies primarily on imports to meet its natural gas needs.
Reuters. (2022, January 6). Netherlands nearly doubles estimated Groningen gas output to secure supply.
European Commission. (2014, May 28). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: European Energy Security Strategy.
European Commission. (2022, February). EU-U.S. LNG TRADE - U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the potential to help match EU gas needs.
CNBC. (2019, March 12). Watch CNBC’s exclusive interview with Mike Pompeo and Rick Perry [Video]. CNBC.
European Commission (2019, March 8). EU-U.S. Joint Statement: Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) imports from the U.S. continue to rise, up by 181%.
Eurostat. (2022, January). Energy production and imports.
U.S. Department of State. (2022, February 7). Secretary Antony J. Blinken and European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the European Commission Josep Borrell at a Joint Press Availability.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). (2022, February 17). North American LNG Export Terminals.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021, January). Methane Tracker 2021.

Part II.

Le service des données et études statistiques (SDES). (2021, September 16). Chiffres clés de l’énergie - Édition 2021. Ministère de la Transition écologique.
Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. LNG Annual Reports. U.S. Department of Energy.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. U.S. Natural Gas Exports and Re-Exports by Point of Exit. U.S. Department of Energy.
TotalEnergies. Yamal LNG: the gas that came in from the cold.
TotalEnergies. (2019, May 9). Russia: Launch of the Giant Arctic LNG 2 Development.
Duplan, H. (2022, February 2). Les drones, nouvel outil de mesure. ADPLGF (republished article by La Provence).
Institut écocitoyen.
Dreyfus, A. & Rineau, Y. (2019, October 15). Fos-sur-mer: Les révoltés de la pollution. France 2, Infrarouge.
Le Hir, P. (2016, May 11). Ségolène Royal peut-elle faire barrage au gaz de schiste américain ? Le Monde.
Wakim, N. (2020, November 3). Gaz de schiste : Engie renonce à un mégacontrat américain, sous la pression de l’Etat et des ONG. Le Monde.
Mouterde, P. & Pécout, A. (2021, December 3). Energie : le discret accord gazier d’Engie aux Etats-Unis. Le Monde.
Petitjean, O. (2019, March 8). Le gaz de schiste américain arrive discrètement en France. Observatoire des multinationales.
Roux, G. (2022, February 21). La France importe-t-elle du gaz de schiste américain, comme l’assure Fabien Roussel ? Franceinfo.
Ministère de la Transition écologique. (2017, November 7). Le projet de loi hydrocarbures est adopté par le Parlement.

Part III.

Nord Stream. (2022, February 7). The Nord Stream Pipeline Transported a Volume of 59.2 Billion Cubic Metres of Natural Gas in 2021.
International Energy Agency (IEA). Total energy supply (TES) by source, Germany 1990-2020.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2020, February). Germany 2020: Energy Policy Review.
Hauser, J. (2022, February 22). Deutschlands Erdgasspeicher sind noch zu 31 Prozent gefüllt. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
Gustafson, T. (2020). The Bridge: Natural Gas in a Redivided Europe. Harvard University Press. (information on Cold War history)
Chazan, G. (2019, December 18). Angela Merkel hits out at US sanctions on Nord Stream 2 pipeline. Financial Times.
Der Spiegel. (2019, December 12). Maas verurteilt geplante US-Sanktionen. Der Spiegel.
Deutsche Welle. (2021, July 21). Germany, US strike Nord Stream 2 compromise deal.
Zachmann, G., Sgaravatti, G. & McWilliams, B. (2022, March 15). European natural gas imports. Bruegel.
Singh, K. & Beech, E. (2021, November 23). U.S. imposes further sanctions in connection with Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. Reuters.
Vogt, A. (2022, February 23). Ukraine-Konflikt und Nord Stream 2 Station in Lubmin. Gemeinde Seebad Lubmin.
BBC. (2022, February 27). Ukraine invasion: EU shuts airspace to Russian planes.
White, S. & Abboud L. (2022, March 7). Oil major Total sticks with Russia despite exit of rivals. The Australian Financial Review.
Gheorghiu, A. (2021, July). LNG-Terminal Stade. Deutsche Umwelthilfe.
Deutsche Umwelthilfe. (2020, November 6). Erfolg für den Klimaschutz: Uniper sagt geplantes LNG-Terminal in Wilhelmshaven ab und kündigt Neuausrichtung des Projektes an.
Zerger, C. et al. (2022, January 28). NO LNG – Offener Brief an Minister Habeck. Deutsche Umwelthilfe.
LNG Prime Staff. (2022, March 8). Uniper resumes Wilhelmshaven LNG plans as Germany looks to cut Russian gas reliance. LNG Prime.
European Council. (2022, March 11). Informal meeting of heads of state or government, Versailles, 10-11 March 2022. Council of the EU and the European Council.
The White House. (2022, March 8). Background Press Call by a Senior Administration Official on Announcement of U.S. Ban on Imports of Russian Oil, Liquefied Natural Gas, and Coal.
UK Government (2022, March 8). UK to phase out Russian oil imports.
Bloomberg News. (2022, March 7). Russia Threatens to Cut Natural Gas Flows to Europe Via Nord Stream 1. Bloomberg.
Strozewski, Z. (2022, March 1). Nord Stream 2 Pipeline Owner Files for Bankruptcy, Releases Workforce. Newsweek.
Reuters. (2022, March 2). Nord Stream 2 says it has not filed for insolvency.
Fleming, S. & Mallet V. (2022, March). EU vows emergency plans to tackle energy costs after Ukraine invasion.
Le Monde with AFP. (2022, March 12). Guerre en Ukraine : le fossé se creuse entre Yannick Jadot et Jean-Luc Mélenchon au sujet de l’embargo des hydrocarbures russes.
Taylor, K. (2022, March 10). EU lawmakers call for ban on Russian fossil fuel imports.
Europe Beyond Coal, analysis by CREA. (2022, March 20). EU Member State Spending on Russian Fossil Fuels. Europe Beyond Coal.
Heinemann, C. (2022, March 13). Grünen-Außenpolitiker zu Energieimporten / Trittin: Wir können sehr schnell auf Russlands Kohle und Öl verzichten [Audio]. Deutschlandfunk Radio.
Part IV.
Rotterdam Port Authority. (2022, February 28). Impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the port of Rotterdam.
OEC. (accessed in 2022, July). Netherlands. The Observatory of Economic Complexity (MIT).
OEC. (accessed in 2022, July). Russia. The Observatory of Economic Complexity (MIT).
Council of the EU (2022, April 8). EU adopts fifth round of sanctions against Russia over its military aggression against Ukraine. Council of the EU and the European Council.
Tsolova T. & Koper, A. (2022, April 27) Europe decries 'blackmail' as Russia cuts gas to Poland, Bulgaria. Reuters.
Reuters. (2022, April 28) Uniper to pay for Russian gas via Russia account- paper.
Eurostat. (2022, April 22). March 2022: Annual inflation up to 7.4% in the euro area. European Commission.
van den Boom, C. & van de Weijer. (2022, March 31). Kolencentrale Onyx op Maasvlakte toch niet dicht, klimaatminister Jetten is ‘zeer teleurgesteld’. de Volkskrant.
Deutscher Bundestag. (2022, May). Beschleunigung des Einsatzes von Flüssiggas beschlossen.
RWE (2022, May 25). RWE Supply & Trading and Sempra Infrastructure sign Heads of Agreement on LNG supply from the US.
Ahmed, S. (2022, May 28). Qatar gas shipments to Germany will actually come from Texas. Middle East Eye.
Council of the EU. (2022, June 3). Russia’s aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts sixth package of sanctions. Council of the EU and the European Council.
Hirtenstein, A. (2022, April 21). The West Is Still Buying Russian Oil, but It’s Now Harder to Track. The Wall Street Journal.
CREA. (2022, June 12). Financing Putin’s war: Fossil fuel imports from Russia in the first 100 days of the invasion. Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA).
US Department of Energy. LNG Monthly 2022.
Zachmann, G., Sgaravatti, G. & McWilliams, B. (2022, July update). European natural gas imports. Bruegel.
Álvarez, C. & Navarro, J. (2022, June 22). Sierra de la Culebra: un incendio gigantesco que no pone en peligro a los lobos, pero sí un modelo de convivencia ejemplar. El País.
Reuters. (2022, July 9). All 11 victims of Italian glacier collapse identified, authorities say.

About the Project

Europe’s Gas Gamble is an ongoing project.

To get in touch or receive an update when future chapters are published, you can contact the author by e-mail.

All costs of reporting and publishing for Parts I.–IV. were personally funded by the author. If you would like to make a contribution to the project, you can do so here.

Author

Edward Donnelly was born and raised in Pennsylvania, United States and lives in Europe.

For other projects, see:

Paris to Katowice: Pilgrimage Across the Coal Lands (2019)

Icons of the Fall (2021)

Sources

All photographs, video and text were created by the author from February 2022-present.

Graphics, editing and technical assistance were provided by Lena Ilse.

Shipping routes were obtained using data from MarineTraffic.

Any duplication or republication of any of the contents of this project is prohibited without the express written consent of the author.

References used in the creation of the text can be found below.

Part I.

Yahoo finance. Dutch TTF Natural Gas Calendar (TTF=F).

Fariza, I. (2021, November 2). España aumentará las importaciones por metaneros para cubrir el cierre del gasoducto que atraviesa Marruecos. El País.

Rashad, M. (2021, December 22). LNG cargoes diverted toward Europe from Asia as gas prices soar. Reuters.

Buli, N. & Jacobsen, S. (2021, December 22). Analysis: Weak winds worsened Europe's power crunch; utilities need better storage. Reuters.

Euronews with Reuters. (2022, January 5). Europe’s gas crisis prompt Polish coal miners to protest over pay. Euronews.

Tygodnik Solidarność. (2022, January 4). Rozpoczęły się blokady dostaw węgla dla energetyki. Tygodnik Solidarność.

Auyezov, O. (2022, January 7). Russia sends troops to put down Kazakhstan uprising as fresh violence erupts. Reuters.

Sánchez, Á. (2022, January 14). La inflación se disparó hasta el 6,5% en diciembre, el mayor nivel desde 1992. El País.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). Variacion del Indice General Nacional segun el sistema IPC base 2021 desde Julio de 2007 hasta Julio de 2008.

Eurostat. (2022, January 20). December: Annual inflation up to 5.0% in the euro area, Up to 5.3% in the EU.

Eurostat. (2022, March 2). Flash estimate - February 2022: Euro area inflation up to 5.8%.

Alves, B. (2022, March 10). Average monthly electricity wholesale prices in selected countries in the European Union (EU) from January 2020 to February 2022. Statista.

Eurostat. (2021, October). EU imports of energy products - recent developments.

U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2022, February 11). Europe relies primarily on imports to meet its natural gas needs.

Reuters. (2022, January 6). Netherlands nearly doubles estimated Groningen gas output to secure supply.

European Commission. (2014, May 28). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: European Energy Security Strategy.

European Commission. (2022, February). EU-U.S. LNG TRADE - U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the potential to help match EU gas needs.

CNBC. (2019, March 12). Watch CNBC’s exclusive interview with Mike Pompeo and Rick Perry [Video]. CNBC.

European Commission (2019, March 8). EU-U.S. Joint Statement: Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) imports from the U.S. continue to rise, up by 181%.

Eurostat. (2022, January). Energy production and imports.

U.S. Department of State. (2022, February 7). Secretary Antony J. Blinken and European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the European Commission Josep Borrell at a Joint Press Availability.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). (2022, February 17). North American LNG Export Terminals.

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021, January). Methane Tracker 2021.

Part II.

Le service des données et études statistiques (SDES). (2021, September 16). Chiffres clés de l’énergie - Édition 2021. Ministère de la Transition écologique.

Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. LNG Annual Reports. U.S. Department of Energy.

U.S. Energy Information Administration. U.S. Natural Gas Exports and Re-Exports by Point of Exit. U.S. Department of Energy.

TotalEnergies. Yamal LNG: the gas that came in from the cold.

TotalEnergies. (2019, May 9). Russia: Launch of the Giant Arctic LNG 2 Development.

Duplan, H. (2022, February 2). Les drones, nouvel outil de mesure. ADPLGF (republished article by La Provence).

Institut écocitoyen.

Dreyfus, A. & Rineau, Y. (2019, October 15). Fos-sur-mer: Les révoltés de la pollution. France 2, Infrarouge.

Le Hir, P. (2016, May 11). Ségolène Royal peut-elle faire barrage au gaz de schiste américain ? Le Monde.

Wakim, N. (2020, November 3). Gaz de schiste : Engie renonce à un mégacontrat américain, sous la pression de l’Etat et des ONG. Le Monde.

Mouterde, P. & Pécout, A. (2021, December 3). Energie : le discret accord gazier d’Engie aux Etats-Unis. Le Monde.

Petitjean, O. (2019, March 8). Le gaz de schiste américain arrive discrètement en France. Observatoire des multinationales.

Roux, G. (2022, February 21). La France importe-t-elle du gaz de schiste américain, comme l’assure Fabien Roussel ? Franceinfo.

Ministère de la Transition écologique. (2017, November 7). Le projet de loi hydrocarbures est adopté par le Parlement.

Part III.

Nord Stream. (2022, February 7). The Nord Stream Pipeline Transported a Volume of 59.2 Billion Cubic Metres of Natural Gas in 2021.

International Energy Agency (IEA). Total energy supply (TES) by source, Germany 1990-2020.

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2020, February). Germany 2020: Energy Policy Review.

Hauser, J. (2022, February 22). Deutschlands Erdgasspeicher sind noch zu 31 Prozent gefüllt. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.

Gustafson, T. (2020). The Bridge: Natural Gas in a Redivided Europe. Harvard University Press. (information on Cold War history)

Chazan, G. (2019, December 18). Angela Merkel hits out at US sanctions on Nord Stream 2 pipeline. Financial Times.

Der Spiegel. (2019, December 12). Maas verurteilt geplante US-Sanktionen. Der Spiegel.

Deutsche Welle. (2021, July 21). Germany, US strike Nord Stream 2 compromise deal.

Zachmann, G., Sgaravatti, G. & McWilliams, B. (2022, March 15). European natural gas imports. Bruegel.

Singh, K. & Beech, E. (2021, November 23). U.S. imposes further sanctions in connection with Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. Reuters.

Vogt, A. (2022, February 23). Ukraine-Konflikt und Nord Stream 2 Station in Lubmin. Gemeinde Seebad Lubmin.

BBC. (2022, February 27). Ukraine invasion: EU shuts airspace to Russian planes.

White, S. & Abboud L. (2022, March 7). Oil major Total sticks with Russia despite exit of rivals. The Australian Financial Review.

Gheorghiu, A. (2021, July). LNG-Terminal Stade. Deutsche Umwelthilfe.

Deutsche Umwelthilfe. (2020, November 6). Erfolg für den Klimaschutz: Uniper sagt geplantes LNG-Terminal in Wilhelmshaven ab und kündigt Neuausrichtung des Projektes an.

Zerger, C. et al. (2022, January 28). NO LNG – Offener Brief an Minister Habeck. Deutsche Umwelthilfe.

LNG Prime Staff. (2022, March 8). Uniper resumes Wilhelmshaven LNG plans as Germany looks to cut Russian gas reliance. LNG Prime.

European Council. (2022, March 11). Informal meeting of heads of state or government, Versailles, 10-11 March 2022. Council of the EU and the European Council.

The White House. (2022, March 8). Background Press Call by a Senior Administration Official on Announcement of U.S. Ban on Imports of Russian Oil, Liquefied Natural Gas, and Coal.

UK Government (2022, March 8). UK to phase out Russian oil imports.

Bloomberg News. (2022, March 7). Russia Threatens to Cut Natural Gas Flows to Europe Via Nord Stream 1. Bloomberg.

Strozewski, Z. (2022, March 1). Nord Stream 2 Pipeline Owner Files for Bankruptcy, Releases Workforce. Newsweek.

Reuters. (2022, March 2). Nord Stream 2 says it has not filed for insolvency.

Fleming, S. & Mallet V. (2022, March). EU vows emergency plans to tackle energy costs after Ukraine invasion.

Le Monde with AFP. (2022, March 12). Guerre en Ukraine : le fossé se creuse entre Yannick Jadot et Jean-Luc Mélenchon au sujet de l’embargo des hydrocarbures russes.